BIM+EPC | 价值
Combined with the current situation and existing problems of prefabricated building management, this paper proposes to build an EPC general contracting mode suitable for prefabricated building and applies BIM Technology in the EPC mode to study the whole process information management of prefabricated building design, production, construction, operation and maintenance from four aspects of schedule management, organization management, cost management and information management, The future development trend of BIM Technology in EPC mode is prospectively explored.
本文结合装配式建筑管理的现状和存在的问题,提出构建适合装配式建筑的EPC总承包模式,并在EPC模式中应用BIM技术,从进度管理、组织管理、成本管理、信息管理四个方面研究装配式建筑设计、生产、施工、运维的全过程信息管理。前瞻性地探讨了BIM技术在EPC模式下的未来发展趋势。本文结合装配式建筑管理的现状和存在的问题,提出构建适合装配式建筑的EPC总承包模式,并在EPC模式中应用BIM技术,从进度管理、组织管理、成本管理、信息管理四个方面研究装配式建筑设计、生产、施工、运维的全过程信息管理。前瞻性地探讨了BIM技术在EPC模式下的未来发展趋势。
Keywords
EPC Project General Contracting Management Mode,
Prefabricated Building,
BIM Technology
EPC项目总承包管理模式,装配式建筑,BIM技术
1. Introduction
With the development concept of “low-carbon, economic and green” put forward in China, prefabricated building has become a new research hotspot in the field of construction due to its advantages of energy saving and environmental protection, high degree of mechanization, small restriction by climate conditions, short construction period and labor-saving.
随着中国提出“低碳、经济、绿色”的发展理念,装配式建筑以其节能环保、机械化程度高、受气候条件限制小、施工周期短、节省劳动力等优点,成为建筑领域新的研究热点。
The general contracting mode has been implemented in China since the end of the 20th century. In 2016, the ministry of housing and urban-rural development issued several opinions on further promoting the development of general contracting, stipulating that the construction party should take the lead in considering the general contracting mode. At present, EPC mode has been applied to China’s water conservancy, electric power, oil and other projects, and there are abundant researches on EPC mode.
总承包模式从20世纪末开始在中国实行。2016年,住房城乡建设部印发了《关于进一步推进总承包发展的若干意见》,规定建设单位要率先考虑总承包模式。目前,EPC模式已经在中国的水利、电力、石油等项目中得到了应用,对EPC模式的研究也非常丰富。
The development and research of prefabricated building in developed countries are earlier and more mature. The experience and effect of Japan, Singapore, Germany, the United States, Europe and other developed countries in the field of prefabricated building can be used for reference, such as prefabricated frame system in Japan, shear wall system in Singapore, laminated plate system in Germany, prefabricated wood structure and steel structure in the United States, etc.
预制建筑在发达国家的发展和研究较早,也较为成熟。日本、新加坡、德国、美国、欧洲等发达国家在装配式建筑领域的经验和效果可供借鉴,如日本的装配式框架体系、新加坡的剪力墙体系、德国的叠合板体系、美国的装配式木结构和钢结构等。
Based on the analysis of research status at home and abroad, from the perspective of project management mode, through the research on the relationship among EPC mode, prefabricated building and BIM application in the whole process, this paper combs out the logical relationship among the three objects, and puts forward the construction idea of EPC general contracting management mode suitable for prefabricated building. By using BIM Technology in EPC mode, it realizes prefabricated building design and BIM application Information management of the whole process of production, construction, operation and maintenance, so as to maximize the advantages of prefabricated buildings and promote the healthy and stable development of prefabricated buildings [1].
本文在分析国内外研究现状的基础上,从项目管理模式的角度出发,通过对EPC模式、装配式建筑以及BIM在整个过程中的应用关系的研究,梳理出三者之间的逻辑关系,提出适合于装配式建筑的EPC总承包管理模式的建设思路。通过在EPC模式下运用BIM技术,实现装配式建筑设计和BIM应用对生产、施工、运维全过程的信息管理,最大限度地发挥装配式建筑的优势,促进装配式建筑健康稳定发展[1]。
Through the research, a set of standardized application methods are extracted to help the new management mode and new construction mode of the construction industry and improve the efficiency of construction projects.
通过研究,提炼出一套标准化的应用方法,以帮助建筑业新的管理模式和新的施工模式,提高建设项目的效率。
2. Advantages of EPC Mode in Prefabricated Construction Project
2. EPC模式在装配式建筑工程中的优势
2.1. Helpful to Realize the Organization of Engineering Construction
2.1. 有助于实现工程施工的组织化
EPC mode is implemented in prefabricated construction projects. The investor only needs to concentrate on completing the expected objectives, functional planning and delivery standards of the project, while the design, manufacturing, assembly, procurement and other engineering implementation work are all completed by the EPC general contractor. The general contractor is fully responsible for the project quality, safety, progress and cost, with clear responsibilities and clear objectives. Around the overall goal of engineering construction, the general contractor takes design as the leading factor, comprehensively coordinates manufacturing and assembly links, and systematically allocates resources (manpower, material resources, funds, etc.); the project participants are in the main position of their respective management systems under the overall coordination of the general contractor. They are all around the management and coordination of the overall goal of the project to achieve the management objectives of their own systems. The parts are subordinate to the overall situation, the stages are subordinate to the whole process, and the subsystems are subordinate to the large system, so as to realize the high integration of the project construction participants under the overall management of the general contractor, To achieve a high degree of organization of engineering construction [2].
装配式建筑工程实行EPC模式。投资者只需要集中精力完成项目的预期目标、功能规划和交付标准,设计、制造、装配、采购等工程实施工作全部由EPC总承包商完成。总承包商对工程质量、安全、进度、成本负全责,职责明确,目标明确。总承包商围绕工程建设的总体目标,以设计为主导,全面协调制造、装配环节,系统配置资源(人力、物力、资金等);项目参与单位在总承包单位的统筹协调下,处于各自管理体系的主体地位。它们都围绕着项目的总体目标进行管理和协调,以实现各自系统的管理目标。局部服从于全局,阶段服从于全过程,子系统服从于大系统,从而实现工程建设参与方在总承包商的统筹管理下的高度集成,实现工程建设的高度组织化[2]。
2.2. Helpful to Realize the Systematization of Engineering Construction
2.2. 有助于实现工程建设的系统化
Prefabricated building is generally composed of four subsystems: architecture, structure, electromechanical and decoration. These four subsystems are not only a complete and independent system, but also a larger system. Each subsystem is fabricated, so is the whole system.EPC project general contracting management is a large system, the management of each link and the management of each subcontract belong to the subsystem of this large system, and the subsystem of each link can be subdivided into several sub-systems [3]. The management objectives of each subsystem constitute the major objectives of the whole project general contracting management. The advantage of EPC mode lies in systematic management. In the product design stage, the manufacturing and assembly links of architecture, structure, mechanical and electrical, decoration subsystems are analyzed as a whole, and the technology and management information of each stage and industry are advanced. The whole process systematic planning is carried out, and the modular coordination, standardized interface, fine reservation and embedment of systematic prefabricated building products are designed, so as to meet the requirements of integrated and systematic design, manufacturing, management and management Assembly requirements, to achieve large-scale manufacturing and efficient lean assembly, to play the comprehensive advantages of prefabricated building [3].
装配式建筑一般由建筑、结构、机电和装饰四个子系统组成。这四个子系统既是一个完整的、独立的系统,又是一个更大的系统。每个子系统都是制造出来的,整个系统也是如此。EPC项目总承包管理是一个大系统,各个环节的管理和各个分包的管理都属于这个大系统的子系统,而每个环节的子系统又可以细分为几个子系统[3]。各子系统的管理目标构成了整个工程总承包管理的主要目标。
EPC模式的优势在于系统化的管理。在产品设计阶段,对建筑、结构、机电、装饰等子系统的制造和装配环节进行整体分析,并对各阶段和行业的技术和管理信息进行超前分析。对整个过程进行系统化规划,设计系统化装配式建筑产品的模块化协调、标准化接口、精细化预留和预埋,以满足集成化、系统化的设计、制造、管理和管理装配要求,实现规模化制造和高效精益装配,发挥装配式建筑的综合优势[3]。
2.3. Conducive to the Realization of Lean Engineering Construction
有利于精益工程建设的实现
The organizational and systematic characteristics of EPC project general contracting management ensure the integration of architecture, structure, electromechanical and decoration, and the integration of design, manufacturing and assembly. The integrated quality and safety control system ensures the preciseness of the system and the traceability of quality and safety responsibilities.
EPC项目总承包管理的组织化、系统化特点,保证了建筑、结构、机电、装饰一体化,设计、制造、装配一体化。质量安全一体化控制体系保证了体系的严谨性和质量安全责任的可追溯性。
The integrated technology system and management system also avoid the “mistakes and Omissions” in the process of engineering construction, which is inferior to the realization of lean and refined operation [4] in the design stage of assembly construction under EPC mode, the process of manufacturing and assembly, quality control points, support, hoisting and other details in the process of manufacturing and assembly are systematically considered to avoid the risk points of quality and safety from the beginning of design; Through factory manufacturing and on-site mechanized operation, it can greatly replace manual operation, greatly improve the quality of manufacturing and assembly, reduce and avoid the operation quality difference caused by the difference of manual skills, and the resulting discreteness is too large, which leads to the quality decline and safety problems, so as to comprehensively improve the project quality Ensure safe production.
一体化的技术体系和管理体系也避免了工程施工过程中的“错漏”,在EPC模式下装配式施工的设计阶段、制造装配过程、质量控制点、支持、系统考虑制造装配过程中的吊装等细节,从设计之初就避开质量安全风险点;通过工厂制造和现场机械化操作,可以大大取代人工操作,大大提高制造和装配的质量,减少和避免由于手工技能差异造成的操作质量差异,以及由此造成的离散度过大,导致质量下降和安全问题,从而全面提高工程质量,确保安全生产。
2.4. Beneficial to Reduce the Construction Cost
2.4. 有利于降低施工成本
In EPC mode, in the design stage, the suppliers of materials, components and subcontractors in the whole process of project construction are determined. With the development of deepening design and technical planning, we can more accurately determine the content and quantity of buyers and sellers in different stages. In this way, the reasonable and large-scale orderly production of subcontractors and material suppliers can be realized, and the centralized production cost, material inventory cost and related indirect cost can be reduced, so as to reduce the procurement cost of the overall material resources of the project.
在EPC模式下,在设计阶段就确定了项目建设全过程的材料、零部件供应商和分包商。随着设计和技术规划的深入发展,我们可以更准确地确定不同阶段买卖双方的内容和数量。这样可以实现分包商和材料供应商的合理、大规模有序生产,降低集中生产成本、材料库存成本及相关间接成本,从而降低项目整体材料资源的采购成本。
Under the EPC mode, give full play to the advantages of design leading and overall technical planning, fully consider the cost performance of material parts in the design scheme, and give priority to the use of local materials; Cost control in the process of project implementation, through design optimization, to meet the requirements of good performance of construction products at the same time, to save resources to the maximum extent; Through lean design, we can achieve less or even zero design changes, reduce or even avoid the waste of resources caused by rework, so as to maximize cost savings.
在EPC模式下,充分发挥设计领先和整体技术规划的优势,在设计方案中充分考虑材料零部件的性价比,优先使用当地材料;在项目实施过程中进行成本控制,通过设计优化,在满足建筑产品良好性能要求的同时,最大限度地节约资源;通过精益设计,我们可以实现更少甚至零设计变更,减少甚至避免返工造成的资源浪费,从而最大限度地节约成本。
Under the EPC mode, under the unified coordination and control of the general contractor, the objectives of all parties involved in the construction are unified into the overall objectives of the project, with the lowest overall cost as the goal, which avoids the traditional management mode in which the designer, the manufacturer and the assembly have different interest demands, with their respective interest maximization as the goal, and they do not implement from the perspective of the overall benefit of the project, It leads to the disadvantages of increasing the overall cost and reducing the benefit of the project, so as to reduce the cost. Under the EPC mode, the assembly construction will achieve great labor saving, whether it is the effective integration of the management team or the reduction of industrial workers, it will further reduce the labor cost and indirect cost in the construction process [3].
在EPC模式下,在总承包商的统一协调和控制下,施工各方的目标统一为项目的总体目标,以总成本最低为目标,避免了传统管理模式中设计师、制造商和装配方有不同的利益需求,以各自利益最大化为目标;而没有从项目整体效益的角度来实施,就产生了增加项目整体成本,降低项目效益的弊端,从而降低了成本。在EPC模式下,装配式施工将大大节省劳动力,无论是管理团队的有效整合,还是产业工人的减少,都将进一步降低施工过程中的人工成本和间接成本[3]。
2.5. Beneficial to Shorten the Construction Period
2.5. 有利于缩短工期
Under the EPC mode, the different links of design, manufacturing, assembly and procurement form reasonable interpenetration and deep integration. The procurement scheme is started only after the original design scheme is determined, and the linear work sequence of manufacturing scheme and assembly scheme is changed into superposition and integration operation. After overall planning, the procurement scheme and assembly scheme are developed at the design stage The production plan, assembly plan and so on, make the follow-up work in advance blend, and then greatly save the construction period.
在EPC模式下,设计、制造、装配、采购等不同环节形成合理的相互渗透和深度融合。原设计方案确定后才开始采购方案,将制造方案与装配方案的线性工作顺序改为叠加集成作业。经过整体规划,在设计阶段制定采购方案、装配方案、生产计划、装配计划等,使后续工作提前融合,进而大大节省工期。
Under EPC mode, the original traditional on-site construction is divided into two parts: factory manufacturing and on-site assembly, which can realize the transformation from the original cross flow operation of the same site space to the partial synchronous operation and flow assembly operation of the two spaces, and shorten the whole construction time.
在EPC模式下,原有传统的现场施工分为工厂制造和现场装配两部分,可实现由原来同一现场空间的横流作业向两个空间的局部同步作业和流水装配作业的转变,缩短整个施工时间。
At the same time, through the meticulous planning, as well as the mechanized and automatic operation of the factory, the efficient assembly on site can greatly improve the efficiency of production and assembly, and thus greatly save the overall construction period. In EPC mode, the work of all parties is carried out in a unified management and control system, with centralized information sharing, avoiding the problem of poor communication, reducing the workload and time of communication and coordination, thus saving the construction period.
同时,通过精心的规划,以及工厂的机械化和自动化操作,在现场进行高效的组装,可以大大提高生产和组装的效率,从而大大节省整体施工周期。在EPC模式下,各方的工作在统一的管控系统中进行,信息集中共享,避免了沟通不畅的问题,减少了沟通协调的工作量和时间,从而节省了工期。
2.6. Beneficial to Realize Technology Integration Application and Innovation
2.6. 有利于实现技术集成、应用和创新
EPC mode is conducive to the integration of architecture, structure, mechatronics and decoration, and the integration of design, manufacturing and assembly, so as to realize the technology integration of prefabricated buildings. It can take the benefit of the whole project as the target demand, and clarify the research and development direction of integrated technology. To avoid the problem that it is difficult to study a single technology only from a certain part (such as design technology only, production technology only, and assembly technology only) and to give full play to its advantages. It is necessary to innovate the technology integration of the whole system so as to facilitate the implementation of the technology system, form productivity and give full play to the advantages of the technology system [4].
EPC模式有利于建筑、结构、机电、装饰一体化,设计、制造、装配一体化,从而实现装配式建筑的技术一体化。可以以整个项目的效益为目标需求,明确集成技术的研发方向。避免仅从某一零件(如仅从设计技术、仅从生产技术、仅从装配技术)研究单一技术难以解决的问题,充分发挥其优势。需要对整个系统的技术集成进行创新,以便于技术系统的实施,形成生产力,充分发挥技术系统的优势[4]。
In the process of EPC general contracting management practice, we should constantly optimize and upgrade the advanced, systematic and scientific technology system, and achieve synergy development of technological non management innovation, so as to improve the construction efficiency.
在EPC总承包管理实践过程中,要不断优化升级先进、系统、科学的技术体系,实现技术与管理创新的协同发展,从而提高施工效率。
2.7. Conducive to the Whole Process Information Application
2.7. 有利于全过程信息的应用
EPC mode can give full play to the advantages of BIM Technology in the whole process of information sharing, and improve the quality and efficiency. Under the EPC mode, each participant forms a unified organic whole, sharing data and information between design and industry, manufacturing and assembly, design and manufacturing and assembly, and cooperating in design and management. EPC mode is conducive to the establishment of enterprise level information management platform for the integration of design, manufacturing and assembly of prefabricated buildings, and forms the support for the development of the integration of prefabricated buildings. Realize the deep integration of informatization and non industrialization of construction industry, and further promote the application of informatization technology in prefabricated buildings.
EPC模式可以充分发挥BIM技术在信息共享全过程中的优势,提高质量和效率。在EPC模式下,各参与方形成一个统一的有机整体,设计与工业、制造与装配、设计与制造与装配之间的数据和信息共享,设计与管理之间的合作。EPC模式有利于建立装配式建筑设计、制造、装配一体化的企业级信息管理平台,形成装配式建筑一体化发展的支撑。实现建筑业信息化与非工业化的深度融合,进一步推进信息化技术在装配式建筑中的应用。
3. Overview of BIM Whole Process Application Research in EPC Mode
3.BIM在EPC模式下的全过程应用研究综述
EPC mode, prefabricated building and BIM application are the important contents that our country is vigorously promoting and help to improve the construction level of our country. These three contents provide specific implementation plans and ideas for the transformation and upgrading of the construction industry from the three directions of construction mode, construction mode and building informatization, taking the whole process BIM application content as the final implementation foothold, it reflects the construction process of prefabricated buildings under EPC mode. Through the whole process BIM application (Information Promotion) of prefabricated buildings under EPC mode (management mode), the benefits of construction projects can be improved under the new management mode and new construction mode.
EPC模式、装配式建筑和BIM应用是我国正在大力推广的重要内容,有助于提高我国的建筑水平。这三项内容从施工模式、施工模式和建筑信息化三个方向为建筑业转型升级提供了具体的实施方案和思路,以全过程BIM应用内容为最终实施立足点,体现了EPC模式下装配式建筑的施工过程。通过EPC模式(管理模式)下装配式建筑的全过程BIM应用(Information Promotion),在新的管理模式和新的施工模式下,提高建筑项目的效益。
Overview of the whole process application research of Bim in assembly building under EPC mode standardized mode is formed through the same BIM model and unified information transmission standard, and integrated management of project information is realized based on construction management platform [5] in the design stage, the coordination of various departments under EPC mode is realized to avoid the problem of “mistakes, omissions and defects”. The design management integration realizes the net height optimization, simulation of prefabricated components, buildability analysis, issuance of engineering calculation results, etc., and improves the design quality and design added value through BIM performance analysis.
EPC模式下装配式建筑Bim全流程应用研究概况通过相同的Bim模型和统一的信息传输标准形成标准化模式,在设计阶段基于施工管理平台实现项目信息的集成管理[5],实现EPC模式下各部门的协调,避免出现“错、漏、缺”的问题。设计管理集成实现了净高优化、预制构件仿真、可建性分析、工程计算结果发布等,并通过BIM性能分析提高设计质量和设计附加值。
In the construction stage, BIM simulation is used to realize schedule control, quality control, cost control and safety control, so as to reduce resource waste and realize green construction. The completion model after the project completion acceptance establishes a good data foundation for the information and digital management of operation and maintenance [5].
在施工阶段,通过BIM仿真实现进度控制、质量控制、成本控制和安全控制,减少资源浪费,实现绿色施工。工程竣工验收后的竣工模型为运维信息化、数字化管理奠定了良好的数据基础[5]。
Through the same BIM model and unified information transmission standard, the standardized mode is formed, and the integrated management of project information is realized based on the construction management platform. In the design stage, the requirements of component processing and production are not in front of the construction requirements. In the design stage, the cooperation of various departments is realized under the EPC mode, so as to avoid the problem of “mistakes, omissions and defects”. In the design management, the net height is optimized and the components are prefabricated
通过相同的BIM模型和统一的信息传输标准,形成标准化模式,基于施工管理平台实现项目信息的集成管理。在设计阶段,构件加工和生产的要求并不在施工要求的前面。在设计阶段,各部门的合作在EPC模式下实现,避免了“错误、遗漏、缺陷”的问题。在设计管理中,对净高度进行了优化,并对构件进行了预制
Through BIM performance-based analysis, the design quality and added value can be improved. In the construction stage, BIM simulation is used to realize schedule control, quality control, cost control and safety control, so as to reduce resource waste and realize green construction. The completion model after the project completion acceptance establishes a good data foundation for the information and digital management of operation and maintenance.
通过BIM性能分析,提高设计质量和附加值。在施工阶段,通过BIM仿真实现进度控制、质量控制、成本控制和安全控制,减少资源浪费,实现绿色施工。工程竣工验收后的竣工模型为运维信息化、数字化管理奠定了良好的数据基础。
4. Overview of BIM Application in Building Life Cycle
4. BIM在建筑生命周期中的应用概述
BIM application index of the whole process is the application of Bim in the whole life cycle of buildings, which runs through the planning, design, construction, operation and maintenance, demolition stages of BIM application, especially in the construction process of scheme design, component production, site construction, business management and other aspects. BIM is a way to improve the management of building informatization. It completes the transformation of traditional working mode through various BIM softwares, and takes specific BIM application points and achievements as the main carrier; BIM model is the basis of all BIM applications. BIM model is completed by one specialty, but the integration result of various specialties; BIM itself is not a major, but a way to change the way of work.
全过程BIM应用指标是指BIM在建筑全生命周期中的应用,贯穿于BIM应用的规划、设计、施工、运维、拆除等阶段,特别是在方案设计、构件生产、现场施工、企业管理等方面的施工过程中。BIM是提高建筑信息化管理水平的一种方式。通过各种BIM软件完成对传统工作模式的转变,并以具体的BIM应用点和成果为主要载体;BIM模型是所有BIM应用的基础。BIM模型是由一个专业完成的,而是各个专业的整合结果;BIM本身不是专业,而是一种改变工作方式的方式。
5. Research on BIM Application of EPC Construction Mode
5. EPC施工模式BIM应用研究
EPC (engineering procurement construction) mode is the design procurement construction mode, also known as the general contracting mode.EPC is a contract that the general contractor is entrusted by the owner to carry out the whole process or several stages of the design, procurement, construction and trial operation of the construction project according to the contract. Give full play to the leading role of design in the whole process of engineering construction, continuously optimize the overall scheme of engineering project construction, overcome the contradiction of mutual restriction and disjunction among design, procurement and construction, realize the reasonable connection of design, procurement and construction, control the progress, cost and quality of construction project, and conform to the construction contract, Ensure to get better investment benefit.
EPC(工程采购施工)模式是设计采购施工模式,又称总承包模式。EPC是总承包商受业主委托,按合同约定对建设项目进行设计、采购、施工、试运行等全过程或几个阶段的合同。充分发挥设计在工程建设全过程中的主导作用,不断优化工程项目建设总体方案,克服设计、采购、施工之间相互制约、脱节的矛盾,实现设计、采购、施工的合理衔接,控制建设项目的进度、成本、质量,符合施工合同;确保获得更好的投资效益。
The advantages of BIM are mainly reflected in collaboration, which is highly matched with the collaborative requirements of EPC. Based on the same BIM model, the collaboration of different departments in different specialties and different stages can be realized. From the design stage to the completion and acceptance, the model can support design collaboration, in-depth processing and production of prefabricated components, simulated construction on construction site, and other functions BIM model is used as the only data source for the calculation of business bidding and purchasing quantities [6].
BIM的优势主要体现在协同方面,与EPC的协同要求高度匹配。基于相同的BIM模型,可以实现不同专业、不同阶段的不同部门之间的协作。从设计阶段到竣工验收,模型可支持设计协同、预制件深度加工生产、施工现场模拟施工等功能,BIM模型是计算商业招标采购工程量的唯一数据源[6]。
5.1. Progress Management Based on BIM
5.1. 基于BIM的进度管理
Under the EPC general contracting management mode, the schedule management of prefabricated construction project mainly includes the management of design, production and construction stages. Through BIM Technology, a sharing platform is built to realize the information sharing and communication among participants and specialties in each stage of the project and form dynamic schedule control.
在EPC总承包管理模式下,装配式建筑项目的进度管理主要包括设计、生产和施工三个阶段的管理。通过BIM技术构建共享平台,实现项目各阶段参与者、各专业之间的信息共享和沟通,形成动态的进度控制。
In the design stage, the collision detection function of BIM can be used to find the problems in the design in advance and optimize the engineering design scheme. It can avoid the delay of project progress in the production and assembly construction stage due to design problems, which makes the progress management more comprehensive and efficient.
在设计阶段,可以利用BIM的碰撞检测功能,提前发现设计中存在的问题,优化工程设计方案。避免了在生产装配施工阶段由于设计问题导致项目进度的延误,使进度管理更加全面和高效。
Component production stage. Component manufacturers can obtain the production data information of the prefabricated components required by the project from BIM information sharing platform, so as to control the component production more accurately. On the BIM information sharing platform, the general contractor can pay attention to the production progress of prefabricated components at any time, judge whether the current production progress has an impact on the construction in the subsequent stage, and if it has an impact, timely transmit the results to the manufacturer.
组件生产阶段。组件制造商可以从BIM信息共享平台获取项目所需预制组件的生产数据信息,从而更准确地控制组件生产。在BIM信息共享平台上,总承包商可以随时关注预制构件的生产进度,判断当前的生产进度是否对后续阶段的施工有影响,如果有影响,及时将结果传递给制造商。
Construction stage. In this stage, the construction unit can use BIM Technology to simulate the real construction environment and construction process. Through the observation model, the construction personnel can timely judge whether the hoisting process meets the requirements of hoisting specifications, whether the project site layout and construction arrangement are reasonable, etc.
施工阶段。在这一阶段,施工单位可以利用BIM技术模拟真实的施工环境和施工过程。通过观察模型,施工人员可以及时判断吊装过程是否符合吊装规范的要求,项目现场布置和施工布置是否合理等。
5.2. Organization Management Based on BIM
5.2. 基于BIM的组织管理
The reasonable setting of an organization is to ensure that each department within the organization has a clear division of labor and responsibilities.
一个组织的合理设置是为了保证组织内部的各个部门都有明确的分工和职责。
In the design stage, combined with the characteristics of prefabricated construction project, EPC general contractor constructs BIM information center and is responsible for the operation and maintenance of BIM information center. The professional personnel in charge of the project design will transfer their data to BIM information platform, and the general contractor will review whether the design results meet the expected requirements of the owner.
在设计阶段,结合装配式建筑项目的特点,由EPC总承包商建设BIM信息中心,并负责BIM信息中心的运维。负责项目设计的专业人员将其数据传输到BIM信息平台,由总承包商审核设计结果是否符合业主的预期要求。
At the same time, the general contractor should give full play to its leading role and organize the technical leaders in the component production stage and assembly construction stage to participate in the preliminary design; In this stage, BIM Technology is used to build three-dimensional model, and the collision in design can be found in time in the virtual environment, so as to avoid the production or assembly conflict caused by design errors.
同时,总承包商应充分发挥主导作用,组织零部件生产阶段和装配施工阶段的技术带头人参与初步设计;在这个阶段,利用BIM技术建立三维模型,在虚拟环境中及时发现设计中的碰撞,避免由于设计错误造成的生产或装配冲突。
In the production stage, as the bridge of design and construction, the quality of prefabricated components produced in the production stage is directly related to the overall quality of prefabricated construction project, so this stage is the key link of quality control. Manufacturers can learn the information of the prefabricated components to be produced from BIM information sharing platform, and then prepare the component production plan for mass production. At the same time, in this stage, the general contractor should give full play to the leading role, organize and mobilize the designers to supervise and manage whether the relevant component splitting of prefabricated construction project meets the requirements of design specifications.
在生产阶段,作为设计和施工的桥梁,生产阶段生产的装配式构件的质量直接关系到装配式建筑工程的整体质量,因此这一阶段是质量控制的关键环节。制造商可以通过BIM信息共享平台了解需要生产的预制构件信息,然后制定构件生产计划进行批量生产。同时,在这一阶段,总承包商应充分发挥主导作用,组织和动员设计人员对装配式建筑项目的相关构件拆分是否符合设计规范要求进行监督管理。
In the construction stage, the general contractor can use BIM Technology to simulate the real construction environment and construction process, predict whether there are construction collisions and design defects, and then effectively organize people, talents and machines to intersperse construction according to the plan, so that all processes can be orderly overlapped. At the same time, the general contractor shall give full play to the leading role, mobilize the designers and production technicians to the site to assist in the construction and installation, and supervise and manage the site work [6].
在施工阶段,总承包商可以利用BIM技术模拟真实的施工环境和施工过程,预测是否存在施工碰撞和设计缺陷,然后有效地组织人、人才和机器按照计划进行穿插施工,使各工序有序重叠。同时,总承包商应充分发挥主导作用,动员设计人员和生产技术人员到现场协助施工安装,并对现场工作进行监督管理[6]。
5.3. Cost Management Based on BIM
5.3. 基于BIM的成本管理
In order to reduce the construction cost of prefabricated building, EPC general contracting mode is applied to manage the prefabricated building, and the whole process cost control of the prefabricated building project is carried out as a whole.
为了降低装配式建筑的施工成本,采用EPC总承包模式对装配式建筑进行管理,将装配式建筑项目的全过程成本控制作为一个整体进行。
Design phase. Construction drawing design, splitting design and detailed design are the main work contents in this stage. On the basis of fully considering the production and assembly construction of prefabricated components, the design scheme should be optimized as far as possible, the connection nodes should be standardized, the splitting design should be optimized, and the types and specifications of components should be reduced, so as to reduce the manufacturing cost and turnover cost of multi specification of prefabricated components.
设计阶段。施工图设计、分图设计和详细设计是本阶段的主要工作内容。在充分考虑装配式构件生产和装配施工的基础上,尽可能优化设计方案,规范连接节点,优化拆分设计,减少构件的种类和规格,降低多规格装配式构件的制造成本和周转成本。
Production stage. In the production stage, the manufacturer should strictly follow the design drawings, prefabrication scheme and relevant quality specifications for production. The production quality points must be strictly controlled to prevent the rework of prefabricated components due to unqualified production quality, resulting in low production efficiency and additional cost increase.
生产阶段。在生产阶段,制造商应严格按照设计图纸、预制方案和相关质量规范进行生产。必须严格控制生产质量点,防止预制构件因生产质量不合格而返工,造成生产效率低下,增加额外成本。
Construction and installation stage. The construction stage of prefabricated building is not only the stage of forming building entity, but also the stage of consuming a lot of human, financial and material resources. Because the construction in this stage often has the characteristics of long time and many uncontrollable factors, the cost control in the construction stage is the key and difficult point of project management. In this stage, the construction party should prepare a specific plan for the use of cost, and carry out the construction in strict accordance with the plan; at the same time, the construction party should combine with the characteristics of prefabricated buildings and try to improve the quality of buildings.
施工安装阶段。装配式建筑的施工阶段既是建筑实体形成的阶段,也是消耗大量人力、财力、物力的阶段。由于这一阶段的施工往往具有时间长、不可控因素多的特点,施工阶段的成本控制是项目管理的重点和难点。在这一阶段,施工方应制定具体的成本使用方案,并严格按照方案进行施工;同时,施工方应结合装配式建筑的特点,努力提高建筑质量。
5.4. BIM Based Information Management
5.4. 基于BIM的信息管理
Prefabricated construction projects experience four stages: design, production, construction, operation and maintenance, and the work in each stage are complicated. As the EPC general contractor, it is necessary to manage the whole construction process as a whole, coordinate and handle the relationship between each stage and each participant, and ensure the timely circulation and sharing of project information in each stage and each participant. The general contractor uses BIM Technology to create BIM information sharing platform. The general contractor is responsible for integrating BIM information center with all data information of the project, including data information of all stages, key indicators, organizations and specialties of the project.
装配式建筑项目经历了设计、生产、施工、运行和维护四个阶段,每个阶段的工作都很复杂。作为EPC总承包商,要对整个施工过程进行整体管理,协调处理好各阶段、各参与方之间的关系,保证各阶段、各参与方项目信息的及时流通和共享。总包采用BIM技术,创建BIM信息共享平台。总承包商负责将BIM信息中心与项目的所有数据信息进行整合,包括项目各阶段、关键指标、组织、专业的数据信息。
At the same time, the general contractor uses the integrated information to coordinate the design of various disciplines, eliminate conflicts by collision detection, carry out production and construction simulation, open up the whole industry chain, and realize dynamic control of schedule control and cost control. The establishment of BIM information sharing platform greatly improves the efficiency of communication management, reduces the probability of project loss due to information asymmetry, and finally achieves the purpose of improving the overall efficiency of prefabricated construction projects.
同时,总承包商利用集成信息协调各学科的设计,通过碰撞检测消除冲突,进行生产施工模拟,打通全产业链,实现进度控制和成本控制的动态控制。BIM信息共享平台的建立,大大提高了沟通管理的效率,降低了由于信息不对称而导致项目损失的概率,最终达到提高装配式建筑项目整体效率的目的。
6. The Future Development Trend of BIM Application in EPC Mode
6. BIM在EPC模式下应用的未来发展趋势
6.1. Collaborative Operation of All Parties Based on Cloud Computing
6.1. 基于云计算的各方协同运营
Cloud computing is a computing method based on the Internet. The software, hardware and information resources shared in this way can be used by computers and other terminals according to the demand.
云计算是一种基于互联网的计算方法。通过这种方式共享的软件、硬件和信息资源可以根据需要被计算机和其他终端使用。
6.2. Building Big Data Analysis Based on BIM Model to Enhance the Value of Digital Assets
6.2. 基于BIM模型构建大数据分析提升数字资产价值
BIM integrates all kinds of information in the whole life cycle of buildings, and the fundamental of big data analysis is data. Big data analysis of construction industry based on BIM model is based on BIM cloud platform at provincial or national level, integrating regional or national building models for information data processing and algorithm analysis, which can plug in the development status of construction industry from the macro perspective, and effectively control construction quality, cost and duration from the perspective of macro-control.
BIM集成了建筑全生命周期的各种信息,大数据分析的基础是数据。基于BIM模型的建筑业大数据分析是基于省级或国家级BIM云平台,整合区域或国家建筑模型进行信息数据处理和算法分析,可以从宏观角度插入建筑业发展现状,从宏观调控角度有效控制施工质量、成本和工期。
6.3. BIM Model Combined with Digital Virtual Reality to Control Project Construction Quality in an All-Round Way
6.3. BIM模型与数字虚拟现实相结合,全面控制工程施工质量
The idea of BIM Technology is to establish a model information base covering the whole life cycle of construction engineering, and to realize the model-based information integration and sharing among different specialties in each stage. BIM is not an integrated application of virtual reality technology. Its main contents include virtual scene construction, construction schedule simulation, complex local construction scheme simulation, construction cost simulation, multi-dimensional model information joint simulation and interactive scene roaming. The purpose is to better apply virtual reality technology in the whole life cycle of construction projects.
BIM技术的思想是建立覆盖建筑工程全生命周期的模型信息库,实现各阶段不同专业之间基于模型的信息集成与共享。BIM不是虚拟现实技术的综合应用。其主要内容包括虚拟场景构建、施工进度仿真、复杂局部施工方案仿真、施工成本仿真、多维模型信息联合仿真和交互式场景漫游。目的是为了更好地将虚拟现实技术应用于建设项目的全生命周期。
6.4. Lean Construction and Intelligent Construction Based on BIM
6.4. 基于BIM的精益施工与智能施工
Lean construction and intelligent construction based on BIM refer to the organic combination of BIM software and hardware to improve the construction accuracy of the project, such as the production of BIM + digital processing butt assembled components, the lofting and deformation observation of BIM + Intelligent Total Station, BIM + 3D scanning and BIM + 3D printing, etc.
基于BIM的精益施工和智能施工是指将BIM软硬件有机结合,提高工程施工精度,如BIM +拼装构件的数字化加工生产、BIM +智能全站仪的放样及变形观测、BIM + 3D扫描、BIM + 3D打印等。
7. Countermeasures and Suggestions on Promoting the Development of EPC Management of Prefab ricated Building
7. 促进装配式建筑EPC管理发展的对策与建议
2016 Since, under the guidance of national policy, the pace of prefabricated building development in China has been fully accelerated, and the sunrise of large-scale development of prefabricated building has been rising. In this context, it is more urgent to promote the EPC project management of prefabricated construction.
2016年以来,在国家政策的引导下,中国装配式建筑的发展步伐全面加快,装配式建筑大规模发展的朝阳冉冉升起。在此背景下,推进装配式建筑EPC项目管理显得更为迫切。
Establish a supporting industry management system and mechanism. The first is to accelerate the improvement of EPC project bidding management system, strengthen the project contracting management of construction units, further clarify the responsibilities and obligations of EPC enterprises, improve the risk management and quality and safety supervision of EPC projects, and strengthen subcontracting management. The second is to establish a work coordination mechanism, strengthen the communication and coordination between relevant departments of EPC project construction, and actively solve the system and mechanism problems that restrict the implementation of EPC project.
建立配套的行业管理体制机制。一是加快完善EPC项目招投标管理制度,加强建设单位的工程承包管理,进一步明确EPC企业的责任和义务,完善EPC项目的风险管理和质量安全监管,加强分包管理。二是建立工作协调机制,加强EPC项目建设相关部门之间的沟通协调,积极解决制约EPC项目实施的体制机制问题。
Constantly improve the management level of general contracting of enterprises. The strategic positioning of EPC enterprises should be intelligence intensive and technology intensive enterprises, and it is necessary to build the organizational structure and management system matching with its development strategy. It is simply transformed from design institute + production enterprise + assembly enterprise.
不断提高企业总承包管理水平。EPC企业的战略定位应该是智能密集型和技术密集型企业,有必要构建与其发展战略相匹配的组织结构和管理体系。简单地由设计院+生产企业+装配企业改制而成。
It is difficult to meet the goal of integrated management for the general contracting enterprises. EPC project general contracting management is not a simple superposition of design work, production work, assembly work and procurement work in the general sense. It breaks through the project level and rises to the business operation and development strategy level of EPC project.
总承包企业一体化管理的目标难以实现。EPC项目总承包管理不是一般意义上的设计工作、生产工作、装配工作和采购工作的简单叠加。突破项目层面,上升到EPC项目的业务运营和发展战略层面。
Therefore, EPC mode pays more attention to the connotation and essence of management, emphasizes the use of the integration and coordination ability of the general contractor, the mastery of market resources and the management ability of the sub contractors to achieve integrated management, so as to add value to the project and obtain greater benefits.
因此,EPC模式更注重管理的内涵和本质,强调利用总承包商的整合协调能力、对市场资源的掌握和分包商的管理能力来实现一体化管理,从而为项目增值,获得更大的效益。
On the basis of strengthening technological innovation, we should pay attention to management innovation. One is the integrated technology system.EPC mode pays more attention to design pilot, through the design to factory manufacturing, field assembly, and later operation and maintenance. Adhere to the design concept of standardization, integration and systematization, through the overall analysis of the design scheme, manufacturing process and assembly method of architecture, structure, electromechanical and decoration subsystems form a perfect and detailed design scheme.
在加强技术创新的基础上,注重管理创新。一是综合技术体系。EPC模式更注重设计中试,通过设计到工厂制造、现场组装,再到后期的运维。坚持标准化、集成化、系统化的设计理念,通过对建筑、结构、机电、装饰等子系统的设计方案、制造工艺和装配方法的整体分析,形成完善、详细的设计方案。
At the same time, we must synchronously innovate the automatic manufacturing technology of factory production equipment system linkage, and the on-site standardization and process oriented mechanical efficient assembly technology, constantly optimize and upgrade the integrated technical standards, and ensure the advanced and systematic nature of the technical system.
同时,要同步创新工厂生产设备系统联动的自动化制造技术,以及现场标准化和流程化导向的机械高效装配技术,不断优化升级集成技术标准,确保技术体系的先进性和系统性。
The second is management innovation. The management innovation of EPC project general contracting should adapt to the technology system, and cooperate with the integrated technology system for innovation and development. Through the EPC project general contracting management, the advantages of the overall technology system should be brought into play, and the core competitiveness of enterprise technology system and management system should be built.
二是管理创新。EPC工程总承包管理创新应适应技术体系,配合集成技术体系创新发展。通过EPC项目总承包管理,发挥整体技术体系的优势,构建企业技术体系和管理体系的核心竞争力。
Third, information management technology. It is necessary to actively promote the application of advanced and practical engineering project information management technology, establish an information management platform suitable for EPC project general contracting management, and improve the efficiency and benefit of project management, focusing on the establishment of an information management platform combining BIM-ERP for prefabricated buildings; The whole process collaborative design based on BIM Technology is established; Building BIM family library of assembly building in the whole process; Research the technology of factory automation production and information management based on BIM cam and MES; Research the whole process of 5d-bim information assembly management.
三是信息管理技术。要积极推广应用先进实用的工程项目信息管理技术,建立适合EPC项目总承包管理的信息管理平台,提高项目管理的效率和效益,重点建立装配式建筑BIM-ERP相结合的信息管理平台;建立了基于BIM技术的全过程协同设计;构建装配式建筑全过程BIM家族库研究了基于BIM cam和MES的工厂自动化生产和信息化管理技术;研究了5d-bim信息装配管理的全过程。
Speed up the talent cultivation of EPC project general contracting. From the perspective of the whole industry chain, according to the prefabricated building technology system and management mode, we should actively cultivate and allocate the composite talents related to the prefabricated building, which integrates design processing assembly and EPC project management. First, we should speed up the formulation of the basic requirements for the project manager of the EPC project of prefabricated construction; Second, the government, universities and construction enterprises should form a joint force, increase the targeted vocational education, and do a good job in improving the ability and quality of EPC project general contracting management team and the professional skills of construction workers.
加快EPC项目总承包人才培养。从全产业链来看,按照装配式建筑技术体系和管理模式,积极培养和配置与装配式建筑相关的集设计加工装配、EPC项目管理为一体的复合型人才。一是加快制定装配式建筑EPC项目管理人员的基本要求;二是政府、高校和施工企业要形成合力,加大针对性的职业教育力度,做好EPC项目总承包管理队伍的能力素质和施工人员专业技能的提高。
Strengthen the cultivation and guidance of leading enterprises. The core of prefabricated building is the change of production mode, which will bring impact on the current traditional development mode. Therefore, a series of changes will take place in the whole construction industry, facing a new round of reform and development. It is urgent for the industry to cultivate a number of leading enterprises with strong technical strength and competitiveness for the development of prefabricated buildings. It is necessary to gradually clarify the responsibility subject and leading position of these leading enterprises in batches, and give full play to their overall integration ability. Combined with engineering practice, it is necessary to explore and innovate EPC project general contracting management, drive the integrated development of prefabricated building related industries, and realize the socialized mass production and industrial development of prefabricated buildings.
加强龙头企业的培育和引导。装配式建筑的核心是生产方式的改变,这将对目前传统的发展方式带来冲击。因此,整个建筑行业将发生一系列的变化,面临新一轮的改革和发展。行业亟需培育一批技术实力和竞争力较强的装配式建筑龙头企业。要分批次逐步明确这些龙头企业的责任主体和龙头地位,充分发挥其整体整合能力。结合工程实践,探索创新EPC项目总承包管理,推动装配式建筑相关产业一体化发展,实现装配式建筑的社会化规模化生产和产业化发展。
8. Conclusion
With the gradual development of new information technology and engineering management concept, prefabricated building, because of its advantages of energy-saving, environmental protection and high efficiency, has better solved a series of disadvantages of traditional cast-in-place construction engineering management mode, such as long construction period, poor environmental protection benefit, many safety hazards and low industrial production efficiency. The application of EPC mode in prefabricated construction project management can effectively shorten the construction period, reduce the construction cost and maximize the construction benefit. At the same time, the introduction of BIM Technology into the EPC general contracting management mode can achieve the goal of standardized component design, reduce error, optimize the quantity statistics and cost management, improve the efficiency of communication and management, further promote the development of prefabricated buildings, and become an important trend of the future development of the construction industry.
随着新的信息技术和工程管理理念的逐步发展,装配式建筑因其节能、环保、高效等优点,较好地解决了传统现浇筑工程管理模式施工周期长、环保效益差、安全隐患多、工业生产效率低等一系列弊端。EPC模式在装配式建筑项目管理中的应用,可以有效缩短工期,降低施工成本,实现施工效益最大化。同时,将BIM技术引入EPC总承包管理模式,可以实现构件设计标准化的目标,减少误差,优化工程量统计和成本管理,提高沟通和管理效率,进一步推动装配式建筑的发展,成为未来建筑行业发展的重要趋势。